玉米秸秆烟尘中正构脂肪酸的分子与碳同位素组成

在模拟的明火燃烧和闷烧条件下对4种玉米秸秆进行了焚烧试验,用GC/MS和GC/C/IRMS分别测定烟尘中正构脂肪酸的分子与碳同位素组成.结果表明,在明火烟尘中正构脂肪酸由C7~C_(34)组成,其平均总含量为13 895.0 mg·kg-1.其低碳数(≤C_(16))与高碳数(C_(16))正构脂肪酸的含量比(L/H)平均值为1.1.C_(18)/C_(16)、C_(24)/C_(16)、C_(24)/C_(18)、C_(24)/(C_(22)+C_(26))(CAR)的平均值分别为0.33、0.17、0.50、1.2.正构脂肪酸单体表现出以C_(16)、C_(24)为主、次峰碳数的双峰式分布模式.其碳优势指数(CPI)的平均值为4.5.在闷烧烟尘中正构脂肪酸由C_6~C_(34)组成,其平均总含量为50 183.7 mg·kg-1.L/H、C_(18)/C_(16)、C_(24)/C_(16)、C_(24)/C_(18)、CAR的平均值分别为1.3、0.33、0.20、0.60、1.6.也具有与明火烟尘相同的分布模式.其CPI的平均值为6.1.明火烟尘中C_(14)~C_(26)单体的δ~(13)C平均值在-21.0‰~-24.8‰之间变化,总平均值为-23.5‰.该值与玉米秸秆中对应值之差(Δ~(13)C)达-0.7‰.闷烧烟尘中C_(14)~C_(26)单体δ~(13)C平均值的变化范围为-21.8‰~-25.4‰,总平均值为-23.3‰.其Δ~(13)C值达-0.5‰.与玉米秸秆相比,两种烟尘中正构脂肪酸的分子组成和碳同位素组成均发生了明显的改变.L/H、C_(24)/C_(16)、C_(24)/C_(18)、CAR、δ~(13)C等指标可用于识别大气气溶胶中玉米秸秆燃烧来源的正构脂肪酸.     

Impact of Climate Change on Maize Yield in Central and Northern Greece: A Simulation Study with Ceres-Maize

The potential impacts of climate change on the phenology and yield of two maize varieties in Greece were studied. Three sites representing the central and northern agricultural regions were selected: Karditsa, Naoussa and Xanthi. The CERES-Maize model, embedded in the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT 3.0), was used for the crop simulations, with current and possible future management practices. Equilibrium doubled CO₂ climate change scenarios were derived from the GISS, GFDL, and UKMO general circulation models (GCMs); a transient scenario was developed from the GISS GCM transient run A. These scenarios predict consistent increases in air temperature, small increases in solar radiation and precipitation changes that vary considerably over the study regions in Greece. Physiological effects of CO₂ on crop growth and yield were simulated. Under present management practices, the climate change scenarios generally resulted in decreases in maize yield due to reduced duration of the growing period at all sites. Adaptation analyses showed that mitigation of climate change effects may be achieved through earlier sowing dates and the use of new maize varieties. Varieties with higher kernel-filling rates, currently restricted to the central regions, could be extended to the northern regions of Greece. In the central regions, new maize varieties with longer grain-filling periods might be needed.     

晋东旱区农作物秸秆资源综合利用模式研究

系统分析了晋东丘陵旱农地区（寿阳）农作物秸秆资源及其利用现状,通过秸秆过腹还田生态系统物质循环；粪肥与秸秆配合还田、培肥土壤的定位试验；及其旱地水分利用效率等研究,获得秸秆过腹还田、农田休闲期秸秆覆盖、作物生育期秸秆覆盖和直接还田等４种利用途径的有关参数。以秸秆所产生的经济效益最大为目标函数,运用线性规划模型,优化秸秆综合利用结构,对北方旱地农作物秸秆资源综合利用具有一定的指导意义。     

玉米-苜蓿间作的生态效应

研究地区位于东北农牧交错带东段。在农牧交错地区，粮食生产与饲草生产同等重要，因此将玉米与苜蓿间作，研究了这种间作的生态效应。发现玉米与苜蓿间作，对土壤理化性质有明显改善，表现在土壤有机质质量分数上升，体积质量下降．土壤全氮、全磷、全钾质量分数升高。因此玉米与苜蓿问作在农牧交错地区具有可行性。     

福州市农作物秸秆资源化处理发展趋势

论述了福州市农作物秸秆的现状及其资源化利用必要性、可行性和实用性。     

稻草覆盖对亚热带红壤旱坡地玉米旱期生长的生理调节作用及其产量效应

对不同稻草覆盖量处理下亚热带旱坡地红壤水分、温度变化和玉米不同生育期生理指标值的测定结果表明,在有旱无灾年份,稻草覆盖可以明显地缓解表层(0-10 cm)土壤含水量减少和调节土壤温度.稻草覆盖可减轻玉米旱害,其效果随着覆盖量的加大而越明显,但受干旱程度和生育期影响.拔节期遇旱,稻草覆盖可以维持玉米的生理活性,覆盖稻草15 t·hm-2处理与其他处理之间存在显著性差异;但随生育期的推移和后期降雨频度的增加,各处理间玉米生理指标值差异减小,灌浆期和成熟期差异不明显.稻草覆盖可以增加玉米生物量和籽粒产量,覆盖稻草15 t·hm-2处理(T3)生物量最大,覆盖稻草5 t·hm-2处理(T1)产量最高,其原因主要是受旱时期为拔节期,造成处理T3贪青生长,但对处理T1后期生理机制影响不大.     

Pb(II) adsorption from aqueous solutions by raw and treated biomass of maize stover – A comparative study

The potential to remove Pb(II) ion from wastewater treatment systems using raw and treated maize stover through adsorption was investigated in batch experiments. To achieve this, batch mode experiments were conducted choosing specific parameters such as pH (2–8), dosage concentration (2–30 g L⁻¹), contact time (5–180 min), temperature (20–45 °C) and metal ion concentrations (10–50 mg L⁻¹). Adsorption was pH-dependent showing a maximum at pH value 5. The equilibrium sorption capacities of raw and treated maize stover were 19.65 and 27.10 mg g⁻¹, respectively. The adsorption data fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm model. Kinetic studies revealed that the adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order model. The calculated thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption of Pb(II) was spontaneous and exothermic in nature. Consequently, this study demonstrated that both raw and treated maize stover could be used as adsorbents for the treatment of Pb(II) from industrial wastewaters.     

近50a气候变化背景下我国玉米生产潜力时空演变特征

以2010年我国耕地空间分布遥感监测数据为基础,在1960—2010年的长时间序列气象数据、土壤数据等数据基础上,采用GAEZ(Global Agro-Ecological Zones)模型综合考虑光、温、水、CO2浓度、农业气候限制、土壤、地形等多方面因素,估算了中国玉米生产潜力,进而分析了近50 a来气候变化背景下我国玉米生产潜力的时空格局特征。研究表明:12010年中国玉米生产潜力总量是8.34×108t,玉米生产潜力空间差异显著,总体呈现东高西低的趋势,东北平原区的玉米生产潜力总量最高,达到1.97×108t,青藏高原区玉米生产潜力总量最小;2近50 a来中国玉米单产潜力和生产潜力总量整体呈现减少的趋势;3中国玉米单产潜力和生产潜力总量变化的区域差异较大,东北平原区的平均玉米单产潜力和生产潜力总量的增长趋势都最为明显,其他各区的变化趋势都相对较小。研究揭示了近50 a来气候变化背景下我国玉米生产潜力的时空演变特征,这为探究如何适应气候变化、提高中国玉米产量水平、科学指导玉米生产经营提供了科学依据。     

Nitrous oxide emissions from a maize field during two consecutive growing seasons in the North China Plain

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from a maize field in the North China Plain (Wangdu County, Hebei Province, China) were investigated using static chambers during two consecutive maize growing seasons in the 2008 and 2009. The N₂O pulse emissions occurred with duration of about 10 days after basal and additional fertilizer applications in the both years. The average N₂O fluxes from the CK (control plot, without crop, fertilization and irrigation), NP (chemical N fertilizer), SN (wheat straw returning plus chemical N fertilizer), OM- 1/2N (chicken manure plus half chemical N fertilizer) and OMN (chicken manure plus chemical N fertilizer) plots in 2008 were 8.51, 72.1, 76.6, 101, 107 ng N/(m²·sec), respectively, and in 2009 were 33.7, 30.0 and 35.0 ng N/(m²·sec) from CK, NP and SN plots, respectively. The emission factors of the applied fertilizer as N₂O-N (EFs) were 3.8% (2008) and 1.1% (2009) for the NP plot, 3.2% (2008) and 1.2% (2009) for the SN plot, and 2.8% and 2.2% in 2008 for the OM-1/2N and OMN plots, respectively. Hydromorphic properties of the investigated soil (with gley) are in favor of denitrification. The large differences of the soil temperature and water-filled pore space (WFPS) between the two maize seasons were suspected to be responsible for the significant yearly variations. Compared with the treatments of NP and SN, chicken manure coupled with compound fertilizer application significantly reduced fertilizer loss rate as N₂O-N.     

Toxic effects of chlortetracycline on maize growth, reactive oxygen species generation and the antioxidant response

The toxicity of chlortetracycline (CTC) on maize (Zea mays L.) growth and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was studied. The root and shoot lengths and fresh weights of maize seedlings were inhibited by CTC treatment (p < 0.05). Root length was more sensitive than other parameters with the EC₁₀ value of 0.064 mg/L. The spin trapping technique followed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis was used to quantify the ROS production. The ROS generated in maize roots after exposure to CTC was identified as hydroxyl radical (.OH). The EPR signal intensity correlated positively with the logarithm of CTC concentrations exposed (p < 0.05). The dynamic changes of malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and the antioxidative enzyme activities in maize roots were also determined. As compared to the control group, CTC was found to significantly increase MDA content. Treatment of maize roots with the.OH scavenger sodium benzoate (SB) reduced the MDA content and enhanced the antioxidative enzyme activities. The results demonstrated the harmfulness of CTC at high dose to maize in the early developmental stage, and clarified that the inducement of.OH is one of the mechanisms of CTC toxicity.